Selection analyses reveal positively selected tetherin residues in the primate lineage.

<p>(A) Nucleotide alignment of nine primate tetherin sequences. HoSa (Homo Sapiens), Popy (Pongo Pygmaeus (Orangutan)) Patr (Pan Trolodytes (Chimpanzee)), Tan (Tantalus monkey), Ver (Vervet monkey), Mane (Macaque Nemestrina (pigtailed macaque)), Mafa (Macaque Fasicularis (cynomolgus monkey)), Mamu (Macaque Mulatta (Rhesus macaque)) Caja (Callithrix jacchus (white tufted ear marmoset). Codon positions under positive selection are indicated by shaded boxes. Secondary structure (SS) was predicted by PSIPRED <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000443#ppat.1000443-McGuffin1" target="_blank">[53]</a> and is symbolised as (+) cytoplasmic domain; (I) trans-membrane domain inner cap; (X) trans-membrane domain alpha helix; (O) trans-membrane domain outer cap; (−) extra-cellular domain. (B) Predicted structure of the trans-membrane helix performed using helical wheel projection (<a href="http://rzlab.ucr.edu/scripts/wheel/wheel.cgi" target="_blank">http://rzlab.ucr.edu/scripts/wheel/wheel.cgi</a>) suggests that residues 26, 30, and 36 are on the same side of the protein. Closed circles indicate positively selected amino acids, dashed circles indicate residues that are different between human and Tantalus monkey, but not positively selected. Human amino acids are shown in black and Tantalus monkey in grey italic.