Tri-trophic effects on life table parameters (means ± SE) of <i>Chrysoperla rufilabris</i> when fed Cry1F-resistant <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> larvae that were reared on Cry1F-producing maize leaves or non-Bt maize leaves over two generations.

<p>Number of replications is given in parenthesis. The experiment started with 50 larvae in both treatments.</p>*<p>Wilcoxon test (<i>P</i><0.05).</p>†<p>Student’s <i>t</i>-test (<i>P</i><0.05).