Survival (A), Exercise tolerance (B) and fractional shortening (FS, C) in control (WT), heart failure placebo (KOS), heart failure exercise trained (KOT), heart failure carvedilol-treated (KOC) and, heart failure carvedilol-treated and exercise trained (KOCT) mice.

<p>FS was evaluated after 8 weeks of intervention. Note that all interventions reduced mortality rate. However, only trained groups (KOT and KOCT) increased exercise tolerance. Data are presented as mean ± SE. The number of animals studied is shown between parentheses (Panel A) or indicated by numerals on the abscissa (Panels B and C). Panel A: *P<0.05 between KOS and WT, and among KOS and other groups. Panel B and C: *P<0.05 among groups indicated by lines.