Reversal learning in the VDSRL task.

<p>(A) Schematic representation of the behavioral training and testing protocol. The rewarded and unrewarded lever is indicated by the “+” and “−”, respectively. The rewarded lever was counterbalanced across rats. (B–C) Total trials (B) and errors (C) to criterion during acquisition of spatial discrimination (Acq), retention of discrimination (Ret-D) as well as during the reversal phases (reversal 1–3: Rev1–3; retention of reversal 1–3: Ret-R1-3). (D) Perseverative and learning errors accumulated across reversals (perseverative errors accumulated: P-Accum;learning errors accumulated:L-Acuum) and during 3 reversals (perseverative errors of reversal 1–3: P-Ret1-3; learning errors of reversal 1–3: L-Ret1-3) were shown. A series of three reversals were performed by male offspring born to dams fed with the Ctrl diet, HF diet, and HP diet. Between successive reversals, animals were given a session to test retention of the previous reversal phase (Ret-R1-3). (E) Mean probabilities of rats shifting their responding to the other stimulus after making either an incorrect choice (and therefore not receiving reward) or a correct choice and receiving reward. n = 9 for Ctrl group, n = 10 for HF group and n = 11 for HP group. *p<0.05; **p<0.001.