Fenofibrate prevents high glucose-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in HSCs under VEGF inhibition.

<p>Marked increases in TUNEL-positive human Schwann cells (HSCs) were observed in the 30 Glu group and 30 Glu VEGFR12 compared to the 5 Glu group with or without fenofibrate treatment. Quantitative analyses of the results are shown (A and B, original magnification, ×1,000). **<i>P</i><0.01 and ^#<i>P</i><0.001 versus 5 Glu, 5 Glu VEGFR12, or 5 Glu VEGFR12+Feno groups. Western blot analysis of Bcl-2, Bax, and β-actin and quantitative analyses of the results are shown (C and D). *<i>P</i><0.05 and **<i>P</i><0.01 versus <i>db/m</i> controls. Analysis of intracellular PPARα-phospho-The¹⁷²/total AMPK-PGC-1α pathway in cultured HSCs. Representative Western blot of PPARα, phospho-The¹⁷²/total AMPK, PGC-1α, and β-actin and quantitative analyses of the results are shown (E to H). *<i>P</i><0.05 and **<i>P</i><0.01 versus other groups. 5 Glu; 5 mM D-glucose concentration, 5 Glu VEGFR12; 5 mM D-glucose concentration with VEGFR12 inhibition, 5 Glu VEGFR12+Feno; 5 mM D-glucose concentration with VEGFR12 inhibition+Feno; IV, 30 Glu; 30 mM glucose, 30 Glu VEGFR12; 30 mM D-glucose concentration with VEGFR12 inhibition; 30 Glu VEGFR12+Feno; 30 mM D-glucose concentration with VEGFR12+Feno.