Rotavirus activation of APCs and B cells was dose-dependent and required brief virus exposure.

<p>CD69 expression on live APCs (A) and B cells (B) in NOD mouse splenocyte cultures was determined following their treatment for 24 h with the given concentrations of LPS, RRV or I-RRV. Control cultures were left unstimulated. (C) Proportions of activated live APCs and B cells after exposure of splenocytes to rotavirus, LPS or diluent (unstimulated) for 1 h, washing, replacement of medium and culture for a further 23 h. (D) Proportion of B cells expressing Ki67 and CD69 following LPS or rotavirus stimulation for 48 h and 72 h. Data are derived from one experiment and are representative of two independent experiments except for the data in D, which were derived from a single experiment. Error bars indicate the mean ± SEM of 3 replicates. ** p<0.01 and *** p<0.001 compared with the respective unstimulated control.