Gα13 and RhoA were involved in CuB-induced VASP activation and actin cytoskeleton disruption.

<p>(A) The expression of Gα13 and RhoA was not affected after CuB treatment as evidenced by western blotting. (B,C) Western blot analysis showing the effect of RhoA (B) or Gα13 (C) knockdown on CuB-induced VASP activation and cofilin dephosphorylation (B,C) and JNK activation (C). (D,E)Immunofluorescence microscopy analysis showing the distribution of RhoA (green) and actin (red) in of RhoA-knockdown cells (D) and the distribution of VASP (red) and actin (green) in Gα13-knockdown cells (E). Scale bars: 10 μm (5 μm in magnified images). The white arrowheads indicate the cell in which Gα13 was knocked down (E). (F) Effect of Gα13 and RhoA knockdown on CuB-induced cell deformation observed using phase-contrast microscopy. Scale bars: 20 μm.