Contribution of <i>PPO1</i> and <i>PPO2</i> to wound healing and to host defense.

<p>(<b>A, B</b>) Survival rate of flies following injury with clean needle show that concomitant deletion of <i>PPO1</i> and <i>PPO2</i> impairs the capacity of flies to survive severe wounding (<i>p</i><0.0001) compared to wild-type flies. (<b>C, D</b>) PPO1 and PPO2 are not required to survive septic injury with Gram-negative bacteria (<i>S. typhimurium</i> and <i>E. cloacae</i>). (<b>E, F</b>) <i>PPO1</i>^Δ, <i>PPO2</i>^Δ mutant flies are less resistant to infections with Gram-positive DAP-type bacteria <i>L. monocytogenes (p</i> = 0.0002) and <i>B. subtilis (p</i><0.0001) compared to wild-type animals. (G, H) PPO1^Δ, <i>PPO2</i>^Δ mutant flies are severely affected in their capacity to resist infection with Gram-positive Lys-type bacteria <i>E. faecalis</i> and <i>S. aureus (p</i><0.0001). <i>PPO1</i>^Δ and <i>PPO1</i>^Δ, <i>PPO2</i>^Δ flies are even more susceptible to <i>S. aureus</i> than <i>spz^rm7 flies p</i><0.0001. <i>PPO1</i>^Δ mutant flies also exhibit a reduced survival to <i>S. aureus</i> infection (<i>p</i><0.0001). (<b>I, J</b>) <i>PPO1</i>^Δ, <i>PPO2</i>^Δ mutant flies exhibit a moderate susceptibility upon septic injury with the yeast <i>C. albicans (p</i> = 0.0101) and a strong susceptibility to injection of <i>A. fumigatus</i> spores <i>(p</i><0.0001). <i>PPO2</i>^Δ mutant flies also die significantly faster from <i>A. fumigatus</i> infection (<i>p</i> = 0.0018 (<b>K, L</b>) Natural infection with entomopathogenic fungi <i>B. bassiana</i> and <i>M. anisopliae</i> reveals that <i>PPO1</i>^Δ, <i>PPO2</i>^Δ flies have a reduced survival rate compared to wild-type flies (<i>p</i><0.0001); so did <i>PPO1</i>^Δ single mutant flies (<i>p</i> = 0.0084). Black cells (A, B), <i>Relish^E20</i> (C, D) and <i>spätzle^rm7</i> (E, L), respectively, were used as controls. x-axis: Time post-infection in days; y-axis: Percentage of living flies. Data were analyzed by Log-rank test and values are pooled from three independent experiments. Survival to <i>E. faecalis</i>, <i>S. aureus</i> and <i>B. bassiana</i> have been repeated using fly lines carrying the <i>PPO</i> mutations in an OregonR background (<b><a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004067#ppat.1004067.s004" target="_blank">Fig. S4C–E</a></b>).