Summary of effects of adding covariates to initial models with a significant vegetation type effect (A) or with a significant herbivore exclusion treatment effect (B).

<p>For each covariate a separate model was run. NS: non-significant (<i>P</i> > 0.05). S: significant (P ≤ 0.05) with +: positive relationship,-: negative relationship, *: inclusion of the significant covariate rendered the original vegetation type or herbivore exclusion treatment effect non-significant.</p><p>Summary of effects of adding covariates to initial models with a significant vegetation type effect (A) or with a significant herbivore exclusion treatment effect (B).