Hissing of honey bees during differential conditioning and recall test.

<p>Left: Acquisition curve. Right: Recall test five minutes after the end of conditioning. Shown are the three sections before and during odour presentation: a) before section, b) during section, c) after section. Solid lines and bars: CS+, dashed lines and shaded bars: CS-. Bees do not respond differently to CS+ and CS- before onset of the odour (a), but after onset of the odour, they respond more often to the CS+ than to the CS- with hissing (b, c). There is no clear distinction between CS+ and CS- during the conditioning phase in the during section (b, left panel, only the first and the last conditioning trial show a significant difference), bees hiss more often during the shocked phase (after section) of the CS+ (c, upper curve) compared to the CS- (c, lower curve). Asterisks indicate statistical difference, RM-ANOVA followed by Fisher LSD-post hoc test, p<0.0001. Error bars show the 95% confidence interval.