Effects of normal saline on hemodynamic and metabolic function during hemorrhagic shock.

<p>EPO, erythropoietin; BW, blood withdrawal; NS, normal saline; BR, blood reinfusion. The inset depicts the time course of the blood withdrawal (ml/kg) ending at 60 minutes in the 65% BW subset and at 80 minutes in the 75% BW group. Numbers in brackets indicate when the number of animals decreased from the preceding time point. Values are shown as mean ± SEM. Differences between groups were analyzed by two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Overall statistical significances for the treatment effect are shown inside each graph. *<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05 denotes statistically significant differences at the specified time point. Open circles denote normal saline (NS) and closed circles denote no fluid administration (No-NS). (<b>A</b>) Effects on hemodynamic and myocardial function. Ao, aortic pressure; HR, heart rate; CI, cardiac index; SVRI, systemic vascular resistance index; LVSWI, left ventricular stroke work index; RVWI, right ventricular stroke work index. There was an overall statistically significant interaction between treatment and time for CI (<i>p</i> < 0.001), LVSWI (<i>p</i> = 0.007), and RVWI (<i>p</i> = 0.009). (<b>B</b>) Effects on metabolic variables. P_ETCO₂, end-tidal carbon dioxide; Ao, aortic; BE, base excess; DO₂, oxygen delivery index; VO₂, oxygen consumption index; VO₂/DO₂, oxygen consumption and delivery ratio.