Characteristics of included studies.

<p>Values are presented as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range).</p><p>^a Mild CKD (eGFR ≥30– <60 ml/min/1.73 m²)</p><p>^b Severe CKD (eGFR <30 ml/min/1.73 m²)</p><p>* Significant side effects (p<0.05) in the statin group compared with the control group.</p><p>Abbreviation: CHD = coronary heart disease, DM = diabetes mellitus, eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate, HTN = hypertension, LDL = Low-density lipoprotein, RCT = Randomized controlled trial.</p><p>Characteristics of included studies.