VMR experimental scheme.

<p>The experimental scheme for the VMR assay was adopted from Emran and colleague (2008). In the scheme, the larvae arrayed in the 96-well plate were first dark adapted for 3.5 hrs (long black bar on the left). Then, they were subjected to three consecutive trials of light onset (Light-On; grey bars) and light offset (Light-Off; short black bars). Each Light-On or Light-Off session lasted for 30 mins. In this study, we extracted the data from 30 s before light change (red bars; not to scale) to 30 s after light change (blue bars; not to scale) for statistical analyses. In some cases, the analyses separately handled the extracted data around the Light-On stimulus (yellow boxes) and Light-Off stimulus (green boxes). Furthermore, in our MANOVA models, the effect of three consecutive trials was explicitly evaluated (purple boxes in different colour values), regardless of the nature of light change.