VMR in zebrafish larvae and novelty-induced hyperactivity in mice.

<p>(A) The dark pulse induces a similar pattern of fluctuations in the frequency of spontaneous bouts in larvae exposed to 0.1 mg/L PFOS as in controls. Larvae exposed to 1 mg/L PFOS respond with an increase in frequency that does not vary over time. In addition, the frequency of spontaneous bouts is restored directly to baseline level after the dark pulse. (B) Hyperactivity and habituation in zebrafish larvae during the dark pulse; 30 s timebins. (C) Quantification of total distance and IOC in zebrafish larvae. (D) Novelty-induced hyperactivity in mice. (E) Quantification of total distance moved and habituation rate (estimated by IOC) in mice. Note the similarity between the dose-response curves of the effect of exposure to PFOS on habituation in zebrafish and mice. (F) Swimming activity in zebrafish larvae at the transition between light and dark (gray shaded areas). The larvae exposed to 1 mg/L PFOS display hyperactive episodes of higher magnitude that last considerably longer than in controls. * p<0.05 PFOS exposed vs. control; ANOVA followed by Dunnett's post-hoc test. The number of independent observations is indicated at the bottom of each column in C and E. Graphs in A and B are based on the same number of observations reported in C; graphs in D are based on the same number of observations as in E.