Means and standard errors by levels of woody encroachment and grazing regime (grey bars = enclosure, black bars = open grazing land) for soil organic carbon (A), total soil nitrogen content (B), and soil organic carbon to total soil nitrogen ratio (C).Low woody encroachment site (LE), moderate woody encroachment site (ME), severe woody encroachment site (SE), highest woody encroachment site (HE).

<p>Different lowercase letters represent statistical differences determined by woody encroachment by grazing interaction term in themixed model and Tukey’s means comparisons (P < 0.05).