Alcohol induces DNA damage in MCF-7 cells.

<p><b>A)</b> MCF-7 cells were treated with alcohol (0, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, or 0.8% v/v) for 2 hours. Then DNA damage was quantified using an 8-OHdG ELISA assay and was performed in triplicate. The graph represents the relative levels of DNA damage (8-OHdG) as compared to the control. Values are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (S.E.) (**p<0.01). <b>B)</b> MCF-7 cells were cultured on glass coverslips and treated with various doses of alcohol (0, 0.2%, 0.4%, or 0.8% v/v) for 2 hours. After incubation in alcohol, cells were fixed and stained with p-H2AX primary and Alexa-488-conjugated secondary antibodies. Then, nuclei were counterstained with DAPI. Representative images are shown for each control and treatment group with p-H2AX foci indicating DSBs in the nuclei. <b>C)</b> The graph depicts the mean number of foci per cell (± S.E.) in each group as shown in B (**p<0.01).