Mechanisms of cell death caused by EBOV.

<p><b>A.</b> Concentrations of TNFα in medium of purified CD4⁺ T cells cultured with EBOV or SEB for 4 days. Mean values ±SE based on 4 donors analyzed in duplicates. <i>P</i> values * <i>P</i><0.05, ** <i>P</i><0.01, *** <i>P</i><0.001, **** <i>P</i><0.0001 (Student T-test). <b>B</b>, <b>C</b>. Flow cytometry analysis of the percentages of TNFα⁺ SupT1 cells cultured with medium (mock), TPA/ionomycin or EBOV, mean values ±SE based on triplicate samples from one of two independent experiments shown (C). <b>D</b>. Percentages of Live/Dead⁺ SupT1 cells following daily additions of TNFα at 80 pg/ml for 4 days: mean values ±SE based triplicate samples from one of two independent experiments. <b>E.</b> Effects of TNFα antagonist III on CD4⁺ T cell death induced by EBOV at 4 days post infection: percentages of Live/Dead⁺ cells (left panel) and proliferated cells (right panel). Mean values ±SE based on triplicate samples from one of 3 independent experiments. <b>F.</b> Percentages of dead (Live/Dead⁺) cells (left panel) and proliferation (right panel) in the presence of necrosis inhibitors NecroX5 (X5), geldanamycin (GA) or N-(3-aminomethyl)benzylacetamindine (1400W) added immediately prior to the addition of EBOV at 4 days post infection. Mean values ±SE based on triplicate samples from one of 3 independent experiments. <i>P</i> values for panels E, F: ** <i>P</i><0.01, *** <i>P</i><0.001, n.s., non-significant (Student T-test).