Fluorescence determination of oxidative stress.

<p>CM-H₂DCFDA staining showed that high glucose concentration induced oxidative stress. Oxidative stress measured by CM-H₂DCFDA assay was significantly higher in the diabetes mellitus (DM) groups than in the control groups. (A) Representative immunofluorescence images. Immunofluorescence by ROS was assessed by digital fluorescence microscopy. ROS activation was increased in the DM groups. (B) Among the control and DM groups, cells incubated at a high glucose concentration had showed a significantly higher ROS production than those incubated at the control glucose concentration. Data are presented as mean ± SD; *<i>p</i> < 0.05 (Tukey–Kramer test). This finding was confirmed in four independent experiments.