Beginning in Belgium 1999, low mountain ranges of middle Europe were afflicted with the “European beech bark disease” (EBBD). It was first described by Hartig in 1878 as a complex disease where infestation of beech scale (Cryptococcus fagisuga; Hemiptera, Eriococcidae) is followed by fungal affection with Nectria coccinea and several white rot fungi. This often causes die back of mature beech trees, they tumble down and are colonised by woodbreeding beetles. Beside Belgium with 1 million cubic meter solid of beech wood (Fagus sylvatica); Luxembourg, France, and Southern Germany were affected in the last 6 years. In addition to known symptoms of EBBD, in all regions beech trees of an healthy appearance were surprisingly infested by the wood-...