1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Abbreviation Key: TI = tonic immobility. The Fear Levels After Transport of Hens from Cages and a Free-Range System

ABSTRACT All end-of-lay hens must be transported from the production site to the site for slaughter, usually by road. The acts of being crated and transported are likely to be novel and potentially frightening. Fright-ened birds can be put into tonic immobility (TI), an unlearned, catatonic state, the duration of which is positively related to the fear level of the birds. Ninety ISA Brown free-range birds (in three groups of 30) and 90 caged ISA Brown birds (in similar groups) were transported (one group from cages and free-range per day) on a journey of 68 km (74 min approximately). On their return, each of the birds was subjected to TI. Although no significant differences were recorded between free-range and caged birds after they were transported (P = 0.087), in the comparison between the same birds after 7 wk, without transport, a significant difference in fear levels was observed (P < 0.001). The free-range birds were less frightened than the caged birds. No significant difference was ever found in fear levels for caged birds from different tiers. Handling and transport on this relatively short journey was apparently equally frightening for caged and free-range birds. It cannot be assumed that just because fear levels differ between free-range and caged birds, this difference will be apparent for all novel stimuli. If all birds, at all tiers, receive the same amount of human contact during the production period, there is no reason to expect differ-ences to occur in fear levels of birds from different tiers