Social exclusion in childhood: A developmental intergroup perspective

Interpersonal rejection and intergroup exclusion in childhood reflect different, but complementary, aspects of child development. Interpersonal rejection focuses on individual differences in personality traits, such as wari-ness and being fearful, to explain bully–victim relationships. In contrast, intergroup exclusion focuses on how in-group and out-group attitudes contribute to social exclusion based on group membership, such as gender, race, ethnicity, culture, and nationality. It is proposed that what appears to be interpersonal rejection in some contexts may, in fact, reflect intergroup exclusion. Whereas interpersonal rejection research assumes that vic-tims invite rejection, intergroup exclusion research proposes that excluders reject members of out-groups to maintain status differences. A developmental intergroup social exclusion framework is described, one that focuses on social reasoning, moral judgment, and group identity. From early childhood through adulthood, peer rejection and social exclusion are facts of social life. In social interactions and encounters, rejection from a friend, peer, or peer group is common, and suc-cessfully determining how to manage rejection and exclusion provides a basis for healthy social devel