Membre(s) du jury:

I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me throughout the process of this thesis. Without their help and support, this thesis could not be finished. First and foremost, I’m deeply grateful to my supervisor Mr Bernard Archimède, for being an integral part of this thesis throughout all its stages. He has endowed me with detailed direction and dedicating academic help along the process of producing this thesis. I appreciate his micro-viewing ability and respect his research enthusiasm, guidance and patience in supervisions. I’m also extremely grateful to my assistant supervisor Madame Agnès LETOUZEY, for her continuous guidance. She has been offering me massive help, generously sharing her knowledge and time and being patient with my questions. I must offer my heartfelt thanks to Mr Rémy Dupas and Mr Jairo R. Montoya-Torres for being the reviewers of this thesis and my heartfelt thanks to Mr Dominique Breuil for accepting to preside the jury of this thesis. I would also like to thank Xuda and Mohammed hedi Karray for their technical and research assistance and guidance especially for the implementation of software prototype