Numerical Methods in antenna Modeling

In this chapter, we present three main numerical methods that are capa ble of solving complex electromagnetic wave radiation and scattering problems in three-dimensional (3D). They are: time-domain methods including finite-difference and finite-element time-domain methods, finite-element frequency-domain methods, and a conformal domain decomposition method using interior penalty formulation. This chapter starts by discussing the state-of-art time-domain methods, followed by a detailed description of the frequency-domain finite-element methods (FEM). Finally, we include a conformal domain decomposition method which does not re quire additional auxiliary variables. Throughout the chapter, various complex and electrically large numerical examples are also included. 11.1 Time-Domain Modeling In this section, we shall discuss some time-domain computational electro magnetics (CEM) methods for antenna analysis.1 Due to space limitations, we will focus on the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) and finite-element time-domain (FETD) methods [8], [10], [1]. These are two of the most popular methods presently available and widely used in many commercially available software packages