Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Ma-

tion’s first standards for pharmacy practice. In 1953, the diploma of pharmacy (D.Pharm.) degree be-came the minimum qualification for pharmacy practice in community, industry, and hospital settings. Dur-ing the next 40 years, pharmacy edu-cation and practice were geared to the pharmaceutical industry, and In-dia became self-sufficient in pharma-ceutical production. In the 1990s, Indian pharmacists recognized the need to actively con-tribute to improvements in medica-tion use. New courses were added to the pharmacy school curriculum, such as pathophysiology, applied therapeutics, clinical pharmacoki-netics, drug information, patient counseling, and drug-use evaluation. In addition, the academic leaders of the profession started a master of pharmacy program with the assis-tance of Australian institutions. The first classes in this program were held at the JSS College of Pharmacy i