From free good to commodity: universalizing the provision of water in Paris (1830-1940)

International audienceThis article focuses on the water distribution network in Paris, from the 1830s, when most Parisians got their water from public fountains, and private wells, to the 1930s, by which time almost all of the capital's inhabitants had been connected to the same network and enjoyed a standard service. It contributes, by a detailed analysis of the entire chain of mediators and mediation, to specify how the modern infrastructure ideal actually took form. In that aim, we analyze the manner in which each actor (public as well as private), in accordance with his/her constraints and resources, which depend on his/her position in the social space, was able to conceive of his/her environment, define objectives, confront problems, make choices and deploy a whole range of frequently innovative practices. Spatially analyzing the extension of the water network, this article demonstrates that the process of universalization, far from being the inexorable and linear outcome of the action of a small number of “major historical forces”, was the upshot of the actions of a whole range of actors acting in specific different geographical, social, economic and technical contexts. The achievement of the “modern infrastructural ideal” as a macro-social phenomenon was ultimately down to to a long accumulation process of a multitude of actions, interactions, conflicts and learning processes.Cet article étudie l'universalisation de l'eau à Paris, de 1830 à 1930. Nous montrons que le processus d'universalisation, loin d'être le résultat inexorable et linéaire de l'action de quelques « grande forces historiques», est l'aboutissement de l'action d'une multitude d'acteurs, agissants dans des contextes géographiques, sociaux, économiques et techniques particuliers. La réalisation de l'idéal moderne, en matière d'infrastructure, comme phénomène macro-social a été in fine le résultat d'un long processus d'agrégation d'une multitude d'actions et d'interactions, de conflits et d'apprentissages croisés