Circulating Advanced Glycation Endproducts and Long-Term Risk of Cardiovascular Mortality in Kidney Transplant Recipients

Background and objectives In kidney transplant recipients, elevated circulating advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) are the result of increased formation and decreased kidney clearance. AGEs trigger several intracellular mechanisms that ultimately yield excess cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized that, in stable kidney transplant recipients, circulating AGEs are associated with long-term risk of cardiovascular mortality, and that such a relationship is mediated by inflammatory, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction biomarkers.Design, setting, participants, & measurements Prospective cohort study of stable kidney transplant recipients recruited between 2001 and 2003 in a university setting. We performed multivariable-adjusted Cox regression analyses to assess the association of AGEs (i.e., N-epsilon-[Carboxymethyl]lysine (CML) and N-epsilon-[Carboxyethyl]lysine (CEL), measured by tandem mass spectrometry) with cardiovascular mortality. Mediation analyses were performed according to Preacher and Hayes's procedure.Results We included 555 kidney transplant recipients (age 51-12 years, 56% men). During a median follow-up of 6.9 years, 122 kidney transplant recipients died (52% deaths were due to cardiovascular causes). CML and CEL concentrations were directly associated with cardiovascular mortality (respectively, hazard ratio, 1.55; 95% confidence interval, 1.24 to 1.95; PConclusions In stable kidney transplant recipients, circulating levels of AGEs are independently associated with long- term risk of cardiovascular mortality.