This thesis deals with waves at the surface of a liquid, and aims at controlling their propagation. We want to show universal results, valid for all waves, using model experiments. We work with hydroelastic waves, obtained with an elastic membrane that covers the liquid surface. The elastic deformation of this membrane couples with the motion of the fluid, so that we can change the propagation of the waves by modifying the properties of the elastic cover. We show that if we locally change the thickness of the elastic cover, we can deviate, reflect or focus the waves. We then periodically structure the membrane and thus unveil effects due to he periodicity and/or the nature of the objects that form the regular array. We use an ensemble of ci...