This thesis is divided in 8 chapters. Chapter 1 is of preliminary nature: we recall the tools that we will use in the rest of the thesis and some previously known results. Chapter 2 is devoted to summarize in a uniform way the new results obtained in this thesis. The other six chapters are original. In Chapters 3 and 4, we prove the following: given a smooth proper morphism f:Y→X over a smooth geometrically connected base X over an infinite finitely generated field of positive characteristic, there are lots of closed points x∈|X| such that the rank of the N'eron-Severi group of the geometric fibre of f at x is the same of the rank of the N'eron-Severi group of the geometric generic fibre. To prove this, we first study the specialization of...