Ace inhibitor and renin-angiotensin system the cornerstone of therapy for systolic heart failure

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Publication date
July 2016
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Abstract

none4noHeart failure (HF) can be defined as an abnormality of cardiac structure or function leading to failure of the heart to deliver oxygen at a rate commensurate with the requirements of the metabolizing tissues, despite normal filling pressures (or only at the expense of increased filling pressures) [1]. HF can be also defined, clinically, as a syndrome in which patients have typical symptoms (e.g. breathlessness, ankle swelling, and fatigue) and signs (e.g. elevated jugular venous pressure, pulmonary crackles, and displaced apex beat) resulting from an abnormality of cardiac structure or function. The diagnosis of HF, according to the guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology, can be difficult and is based on a criterion of clin...

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