re m lter an ura l c with cte in su pr and waste products (1,4–9). NPPs mediate a rapid dissipa-tion of the normal RBC Na and K gradients, thus sur-(16). Greater than 70 % of the host-cell Hb is ultimately Hb digestion to the osmotic stability of the infected cell (18–20). According to this hypothesis, excess Hb digestion water, [Hb]: pHb RT$fHb$[Hb] (21–23), where R is the mental Fe, Na, and K composition in host cytosolic domain