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terms of their ability to account for the main properties of this phenomenon as measured with single-cell recordings and neuroimaging techniques. We also recordings, fMRI and electroencephalogram/magnetoen-Review TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences Vol.10 No.1 January 2006might not be simple.phenomenon also occurs in multiple brain regions, and across an impressively large number of experimental conditions. This stimulus-specific reduction in neural activity has been referred to as adaptation [14–16], mnemonic filtering [17], repetition suppression [18], decremental responses [19] and neural priming [20]. We will use ‘repetition suppression ’ (RS) to refer to decreased neural responses following stimulus repetition. As will be apparent below, it is important to distinguish the scale at which RS arises, because the correspondence across scales (e.g. neural firing and hemodynamic responses) cephalogram (EEG/MEG), discuss implications of these models for interpreting experimental results, and propose directions for distinguishing between the models. Repetition suppression as measured with single-cell recording Stimulus-specific repetition-related reductions in firing rates have been found in physiological recordings of neurons in macaque inferior temporal (IT) cortex [14,15, 17–19] (Figure 1). These repetition effects have been reported for awake behaving animals performing various[11] – and in the latency of their expression [12,13]. The longevity – from milliseconds [3] to minutes [9] and days main properties of RS as measured with single-celldiscuss future directions for distinguishing between these models, which will be important for understand-ing the neural consequences of repetition and for interpreting repetition-related effects in neuroimaging data