Cognitive load theory and complex learning: Recent developments & future directions

Traditionally, Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) has focused on instructional methods to decrease extraneous cognitive load so that available cognitive re-sources can be fully devoted to learning. This article strengthens the cognitive base of CLT by linking cognitive processes to the processes used by biologi-cal evolution. The article discusses recent developments in CLT related to the current view in instructional design that real-life tasks should be the driving force for complex learning. First, the complexity, or intrinsic cognitive load, of such tasks is often high so that new methods are needed to manage cogni-tive load. Second, complex learning is a lengthy process requiring learners’ motivational states and levels of expertise development to be taken into ac-count. Third, this perspective requires more advanced methods to measure expertise and cognitive load so that instruction can be flexibly adapted to in-dividual learners ’ needs. Experimental studies are reviewed to illustrate these recent developments. Guidelines for future research are provided