AND BOSILOVICH—Hydrological Sciences Branch, and Data Assimila-

and surface temperature and wetness conditions affect and are affected by numerous climatologi-cal, meteorological, ecological, and geophysical phenomena. Therefore, accurate, high-resolution es-timates of terrestrial water and energy storages are valuable for predicting climate change, weather, bio-logical and agricultural productivity, and flooding, and for performing a wide array of studies in the broader biogeosciences. In particular, terrestrial stores of energy and water modulate fluxes between the land and atmosphere and exhibit persistence on diurnal, seasonal, and interannual time scales. Furthermore, because soil moisture, temperature, and snow are integrated states, biases in land surface forc-ing data and parameterizations accumulate as error