Twisted strings, vertex operators and algebras

This work is principally concerned with the operator approach to the orbifold compactification of the bosonic string. Of particular importance to operator formalism is the con formal structure and the operator product expansion. These are introduced and discussed in detail. The Frenkel-Kac-Segal mechanism is then examined and is shown to be a consequence of the duality of dimension one operators of an analytic bosonic string compactified on a certain torus. Possible generalizations to higher dimension operators are discussed, this includes the cross-bracket algebra which plays a central role in the vertex operator representation of Griess's algebra, and hence the Fischer-Griess Monster Group. The mechanism of compactification is then extended to orbifolds. The exposition includes a detailed account of the twisted sectors, especially of the zero-modes and the twisted operator cocycles. The conformal structure, vertex operators and correlation functions for twisted strings are then introduced. This leads to a discussion of the vertex operators which represent the emission of untwisted states. It is shown how these operators generate Kac-Moody algebras in the twisted sectors. The vertex operators which insert twisted states are then constructed, and their role as intertwining operators is explained. Of particular importance in this discussion is the role of the operator cocycles, which are seen to be crucial for the correct working of the twisted string emission vertices. The previously established formalism is then applied in detail to the reflection twist. This includes an explicit representation of the twisted operator cocycles by elements of an appropriate Clifford algebra and the elucidation of the operator algebra of the twisted emission vertices, for the ground and first excited states in the twisted sector. This motivates the 'enhancement mechanism', a generalization of the Frenkel-Kac-Segal mechanism, involving twisted string emission vertices, in dimensions 8, 16 and 24. associated with rank 8 Lie algebras, rank 16 Lie algebras and the cross-bracket algebra for the Leech lattice, respectively. Some of the relevant characters of the 'enhanced" modules are determined, and the connection of the cross-bracket algebra to the phenomenon of 'Monstrous Moonshine' and the Monster Group is explained. Algebra enhancement is then discussed from the greatly simplified shifted picture and extensions to higher order twists are considered. Finally, a comparison of this work with other recent research is given. In particular, the connection with the path integral formalism and the extension to general asymmetric orbifolds is discussed. The possibility of reformulating the moonshine module in a 'covaxiant' twenty-six dimensional setting is also considered