A study of site damages (soil and seedlings) by traditional logging method

Animal Logging, as a Low Impact Logging System, has been employed in forest harvesting since many years ago. To estimate the Mule Logging damages, two assessments, one before and the other, after completion of operations was carried out. The measurements "included: number of seedlings soil compaction as well as soil pH. Twenty seven percent of seedlings were damaged while 31% totally destroyed. Soil compaction was increased by 13.8% while no significant change was observed in soil pH. In compartment 218 of Kheyroudkenar Forest in Nowshahr, the calculated area for whole skid trails, landings and processing locations indicated that 5.72% of the compartment area had been damaged