Explaining mixed-use developments: a critical realist's perspective

Mixed-use developments are often used as the immediate response to revitalise vibrancy in precincts, to relieve transportation problems and to address densification issues. The concept is labelled as a ‘sustainable community’ and responds to contemporary state and local sustainability measures. However, case studies show that creating these types of developments have proven to be one of the most demanding real estate projects to bring together. Mixed-use developments are characterised by their ‘live-work-play’ facilities and amenities in a single development. Individuals and families can choose housing options for short and long term accommodation; commercial establishments are available for shopping or working; and services and amenities are accessible for recreation and entertainment. On the face of it, there are numerous benefits for mixed-use: it minimises the need for transport and infrastructure is optimised; it increases walkability as daily activities are brought closer together; and it enhances social networks when opportunities for chance face-to-face meetings are increased. The challenge of delivering mixed-use projects is exacerbated by a combination of several factors: development finance for mixed-use projects is often limited as such projects are deemed to be higher risk profiles, property cycles of each subsector is difficult to align, and construction and management of mixed-use requires a level of experience and specialisation. To create a better understanding of the drivers of mixed-use developments, this paper puts forward the use of critical realism as an explanatory social science to assist in unravelling presuppositions particularly in concepts that are socioeconomic and political in nature. A critical realist’s perspective allows planners and policy makers to be sympathetic to the issues confronting mixed-use developments. Cognisant of the underlying mechanisms that drive and motivate the actors that participate (or stand in the way) of its creation, legislators and governments at all levels can support its successful realisation. This research paper provides the history of the concept, the movements and advocacies, the benefits and challenges and a way forward in accelerating the creation of mixed-use developments. The methods used for this research were derived through an extensive literature review and primary research on mixed use developments