Advertisers use online advertising for branding and direct response. To raise brand awareness, for example, they target a broad set of online users—whether or not these users have an intention to buy something is of secondary importance. In contrast, in direct response campaigns, advertisers are keenly interested in users’ intention to buy, so they specifically match up ads and search words accordingly (an ad for the search phrase, “how to create a social network for cheap,” for example, gives advertisers access to bargain hunters searching the Internet for tools to create social networks). To advertise on a search network, the sponsored ad networks for search engine queries, advertisers must determine a set of keywords to represent how us...