Bio-induced reduction of Cr(VI) in aquifers by organic substrates injection

Hexavalent chromium is a primary toxic element used in galvanic processes, in metallurgical industry and for the production of dyes and pigments. Conventional methods for Cr(VI) remediation, pump&treat and excavation, are expensive and require a large amount of energy and time. Innovative technologies include bio-induced reduction, that is Cr(VI) reduction to Cr(III) by injection of organic substrates that are readily biodegraded by autochthonous microorganisms in the aquifer, resulting in reducing conditions. Lab scale batch tests were carried out, with two different soil (A and B) and solid/liquid ratios (25% and 50% on weight basis). Initial Cr(VI) concentrations were 5000 or 10000 µg/L. Ultrafiltration permeates of cheese whey and beer distillation residues were used as the organic substrates. In all microcosms, dissolved oxygen decreased from about 6 mg/L to values <1 mg/L after 1-2 d incubation, and the redox potential from approximately +250 mV to -400 mV by 11 d. After about 40 days, the highest Cr(VI) abatements were obtained in soil A microcosms fed with beer distillation residues, as soil A had an initial total heterotrophic bacteria concentration three orders of magnitude higher than soil B. Fe(II) availability was also a key factor in Cr(III) co-precipitation