Mortgage and its direct enforceability

Hipoteka, kot ključni element te diplomske naloge, je zastavna pravica na nepremičninah, katere so v praksi zelo pomemben predmet stvarnopravnih zavarovanj. Za njo so značilne nekatere specifičnosti v primerjavi z ostalimi zastavnimi pravicami. Te so vidne že v samih načelih, ki veljajo za hipotekarno pravo. Že iz definicije hipoteke lahko sklepamo, da je predmet te zastavne pravice določena nepremičnina in poleg nje tudi vse njene sestavine, medtem ko glede pritiklin velja dogovor strank. Terjatev, ki je zavarovana z zastavitvijo nepremičnine, mora biti določena, kar natančneje pomeni, da mora biti opredeljena glede na hipotekarnega upnika, dolžnika in njen predmet. Hipoteka lahko nastane na več načinov – na podlagi pravnega posla, na podlagi zakona ali na podlagi sodne odločbe. V praksi je najbolj uporabljen prvi način. Hipoteka, ki nastane na podlagi pravnega posla pa se lahko ustanovi tudi v obliki posebnega sporazuma, in sicer v obliki neposredno izvršljivega notarskega zapisa, za dosego katerega pa morajo biti izpolnjene posebne predpostavke, katere so določene v Zakonu o izvršbi in zavarovanju ter Zakonu o notariatu. Posledica takšne ustanovitve hipoteke je njena neposredna izvršljivost, katera pride do izraza predvsem v izvršilnem postopku, v katerem upniku ni potrebno dokazovati obstoja njegove zastavne pravice na nepremičnini s hipotekarno tožbo in tako lahko v veliko krajšem času opravi izplačilo svoje terjatve do dolžnika. Tudi prenehanje hipoteke je možno na več načinov, in sicer v dveh smislih – materialnem in formalnem. V materialnem smislu hipoteka preneha, če se izpolnijo pogoji za njen izbris iz zemljiške knjige. V formalnem smislu pa hipoteka preneha samo z izbrisom iz zemljiške knjige.Mortgage, as a key element of this thesis, is a lien on real estate, which in practice is a very important subject of property insurance. It is characterized by some specificities in comparison with other liens. These specialties are already visible in the principles that apply to mortgage law. From the definition of a mortgage we can conclude that the subject of this lien is a certain real estate, and besides it also all its components. The fate of its appurtenances must be agreed between the parties. The claim secured by pledging real estate must be determined, which means that it must be defined with the mortgage creditor, debtor and its object. The mortgage can be created in several ways - on the basis of a legal transaction, on the basis of a law or on the basis of a court decision. In practice, the first method is most used. The mortgage arising from a legal transaction may also be established in the form of a special agreement, in the form of a directly enforceable notarial deed, for which specific requirements must be met. They are set out in the Enforcement and Securing of Civil Claims Act and the Notary Act. The consequence of such a mortgage creation is its direct enforceability, which occurs mainly in an enforcement procedure in which the creditor does not need to prove the existence of his liens on real estate by mortgage lawsuit, so he can in a much shorter time make the payment of his claim against the debtor. The termination of the mortgage is also possible in several ways, namely in two ways - material and formal. In the material sense, the mortgage ceases if the conditions for its deletion from the land register are fulfilled. In the formal sense, the mortgage ceases only with the erasure from the land register