Ocean acidification adversely influences metabolism, extracellular pH and calcification of an economically important marine bivalve, Tegillarca granosa

Oceanic uptake of CO2 from the atmosphere has significantly reduced surface seawater pH and altered the carbonate chemistry within, leading to global Ocean Acidification (OA). The blood clam, Tegillarca granosa, is an economically and ecologically significant marine bivalve that is widely distributed along the coastal and estuarine areas of Asia. To investigate the physiological responses to OA, blood clams were exposed to ambient and three reduced seawater pH levels (8.1, 7.8, 7.6 and 7.4) for 40 days, respectively. Results obtained suggest that OA suppresses the feeding activity and aerobic metabolism, but elevates proteins catabolism of blood clams. OA also causes extracellular acidosis and decreases haemolymph Ca2+ concentration. In addition, our data also suggest that OA impairs the calcification process and inner shell surface integrity. Overall, OA adversely influences metabolism, acid-base status and calcification of blood clams, subsequently leading to a decrease in the fitness of this marine bivalve species