Refining a model-based assessment strategy to estimate the ammonia emission from floors in dairy cow houses

<p>Ammonia (NH3) emission is still high, and agriculture is still the dominant contributor. In The Netherlands, the NH3 emission from dairy cow houses is one of the most important sources. A lot of research has been conducted to understand and model NH3 emission, to measure it, and to reduce it using identified and developed reduction measures. However, our understanding of <em>how</em> to measure and <em>how</em> to reduce the NH3 emission is still limited. In addition, the set emission ceilings were lowered for 2020.</p> <p>The objective of this thesis was to refine a model-based assessment strategy to estimate the ammonia emission from floors in dairy cow houses. First the most important input variables and process parameters were identified with a sensitivity analysis in currently available mechanistic NH3 emission models and theory. It was concluded that five puddle related input variables caused the largest variation in NH3 emission estimation, being the puddle <em>pH</em>, depth (<em>Dp</em>), urinary urea nitrogen concentration (<em>UUN</em>), surface area (<em>Ap</em>), and temperature (<em>Tliq</em>). For each input variable the available data was scarce, and it was therefore recommended to measure these five most important variables in practice. However, measurement methods were hardly available. Therefore, sensors were chosen, new measurement methods were developed, and these were combined in a protocol to measure the <em>pH</em>, <em>Dp</em>, <em>UUN</em>, <em>Ap</em> and <em>Tliq</em> of fresh, random and manually created urine puddles in commercial dairy cow houses.</p> <p>In total 16 commercial dairy cow houses were assessed in a factorial experimental setup based on four floor-management types in two <em>Seasons</em>, with <em>PREclean</em> treatment. <em>PREclean</em> represented intense-floor-cleaning that was compared to on-farm manure scraping. A V-shaped asphalt floor had significantly larger values for both <em>Ap</em> (1.04 m2) and <em>Dp</em> (1.5 mm) than did the slatted and grooved floors (0.76 m2, 0.93 mm). For both <em>Ap</em> and <em>Dp</em> the variation within a farm was large, but was negligible between farms. The <em>Dp</em> values and variation were 3 to 6 times larger than currently assumed. With <em>PREclean</em> treatment the <em>Dp</em> resulted in about 3 times lower values compared to the on-farm scraping. In short, the potential NH3 emission reduction of good floor cleaning is large. Overall mean values were 4.27 kg m-3 for <em>UUN</em>, an initial <em>pH</em>(t=0) of 8.3, both in fresh puddles, and a <em>pH</em>(t=ξ) of 9.0 for random puddles at a random time. For <em>UUN</em> both the variation within and between farms was large, whereas the variation for <em>pH</em> was small. Both the mean <em>UUN</em> and <em>pH</em> showed lower values than currently assumed. In a separate 4 h time series experiment at 3 commercial farms was shown that the <em>pH</em>, on average, quickly increased initially, declined after 1 h and then became stable. The calculated NH3 in kg puddle-1 showed a huge range and was considerably larger than currently assumed for the reference situation.</p> <p>Compared to the aforementioned sensitivity analysis outcome, the <em>UUN</em> range at farm level is both slightly smaller and shifts to slightly lower values, while for <em>Dp</em> the range and values are both larger. These two variables caused the largest variation in the estimated NH3 emissions, and not the <em>pH</em>. In conclusion, these two variables certainly need to be measured in individual commercial dairy cow houses to estimate the NH3 emission. For <em>Ap</em>, <em>pH</em> and <em>Tair</em> the measured ranges at farm level were less large. The <em>pH</em> turns out to be fairly stable in commercial cow houses and, related to that, it causes less variation in the estimated NH3 emission. Nevertheless, the <em>pH</em> still ranks as the third most important variable, and therefore needs to be measured in individual cow houses. The <em>Ap</em> is fairly stable between farms, but varies within farms and it still has a significant effect on the NH3 emission. The floor design clearly affects the puddle area <em>Ap</em>. Therefore, it is not necessary to measure <em>Ap</em> at each individual farm, but it is sufficient to measure the <em>Ap</em> in only one commercial cow house per floor design. The <em>Tair</em> variable is of limited importance compared to the aforementioned four variables, but it is still significant.