GlycA, a novel proinflammatory glycoprotein biomarker, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein are inversely associated with sodium intake after controlling for adiposity: the Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-Stage Disease study

Background: The extent to which dietary sodium intake may confer alterations in the inflammatory status is unclear. GlycA is a novel proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-measured biomarker of systemic inflammation, which is associated with the development of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Objective: We determined associations of the inflammatory markers GlycA and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) with 24-h sodium excretion. Design: A cross-sectional, population-based study was performed in 3935 subjects who were not using an antihypertensive medication, lipid-lowering drugs, or a glucose-lowering treatment. Urinary sodium excretion was calculated as the mean of two 24-h urine excretions. Linear regression models were used, with 24-h sodium excretion as an independent variable and GlycA or ln hsCRP as a dependent variable. Results: The mean +/- SD sodium excretion was 143.0 +/- 53.4 mmol/24 h. The GlycA concentration was 343.6 +/- 58.7 mu mol/L, and the geometric mean of the hsCRP concentration was 1.20 mg/L (95% CI: 1.16, 1.25 mg/L). In age- and sex-adjusted analyses, GlycA and ln hsCRP were not significantly associated with 24-h sodium excretion [B: 1.23 (95% CI: -0.67, 3.13; P = 0.21) and 0.03 (95% CI: -0.004, 0.07; P = 0.08), respectively, per 1-SD increase]. After additional adjustment for body mass index (BMI), both GlycA (B: -2.76; 95% CI: -4.65, -0.86; P = 0.004) and ln hsCRP (B: -0.07; 95% CI: -0.11, -0.04; P