Psychological states and traits in female agoraphobics: A controlled study

Recent surveys on the psychology of agoraphobia point to the paucity of sound empirical studies addressing personality and symptomatology factors related to the disorder. In the present study, a sample of female agoraphobics was compared with control groups of nonphobic psychiatric and of nonpatient normal female Ss on a relatively large number of psychological state and trait measures. Besides scoring clearly higher than both groups of controls on agoraphobic symptoms, agoraphobics, as a group, scored significantly higher in terms of (a) anxiety, (b) certain components of depression, (c) interpersonal difficulties, (d) general psychological malaise, and (e) fears of bodily injury, illness, and death as well. Further, compared to both groups of controls, agoraphobics could be characterized by higher levels of (a) neuroticism, (b) seclusion (low on extraversion and sociability and showing greater tendencies toward isolating themselves from social contacts), (c) situational dependency (higher scores on a restrictive style of living), (d) passivity (greater hypoactivity), and (e) intropunitiveness (scores in more intropunitive than extrapunitive direction). The claim, frequently made in the clinical literature, that agoraphobics have dependent personalities was not confirme