Postconcussive Complaints, Anxiety, and Depression Related to Vocational Outcome in Minor to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

Objectives: To investigate the relation of postconcussive complaints, anxiety, and depression with vocational outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) of various severities and to assess sex differences. Design: A prospective cross-sectional cohort study. Setting: Level I trauma center. Participants: Adults (N=242) with TBI of various severity. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale, return to work (RTW), Head Injury Symptom Checklist, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Results: In 67% of the patients, complaints were present; 22% were anxious, and 18% were depressed. The frequency of complaints increased significantly with injury severity, in contrast to anxiety and depression. Frequencies of patients with anxiety and depression (9% and 5%) were lower with complete RTW than with incomplete RTW (42% and 37%; P Conclusions: Anxiety and depression are related to vocational outcome after TBI, with a different profile in the minor TBI category, partly due to sex differences. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2013;94:867-74 (C) 2013 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicin