Saltwater intrusion and water management in the unconfined coastal aquifer of Ravenna (Italy): a numerical model

The Ravenna pine forests represent an historical landmark in the Po River Plain. They have great environmental, historical and tourist value. The San Vitale pine for- est is located 10 km north of the town. It is surrounded by an urban area, the city indus- trial infrastructure and the waterworks of the agricultural drainage system. Most land in this area is below mean sea level. As a result, no natural freshwater hydraulic gradient contrasts the density gradient of saltwater. In the last century, many events (land subsi- dence; land reclamation and drainage; urban and industrial development and gas and deep groundwater extractions; coastal dune destruction) led to the intrusion of large vol- umes of brackish and saline groundwater. Today the freshwater in this coastal aquifer con- sists of low salinity water lenses floating on the saltwater wedge. This study is aimed at understanding how past and present human activities have affected the saltwater intru- sion process in the phreatic aquifer and how the predicted future sea level rise will affect the salinisation process. We used a numerical model to quantify these effects on the den- sity-dependent groundwater flow, hydraulic head and salinity distribution, seepage and salt load fluxes to the surface water system. The simulations show that over the last cen- tury artificial subsidence and heavy drainage started the salinisation process in the study area and a relative sea level rise will accelerate the increase in salt load in the coming decades, affecting the entire aquifer. Climatic conditions in the area result in limited pre- cipitations throughout the year and preclude efficient aquifer recharge, especially in spring and summer when saltwater seepage is extensive. The lack of a continuous coastal dune system favors salt wedge intrusion