Primary standard for nano flow rates

Micro- and nanoflows are appearing more frequently in various applications, for example in life science and technology, automotive and lab on-a-chip applications. Further, they are relevant for some medical applications, for example in (implanted) pain control pumps. For these applications, traceability can be important for a safe and sound usage. As of yet there does not exist a validated primary standard for flow rates lower than, say, 20 μl/min. Therefore, this research, which is part of [4], aims at developing a primary standard for liquid volume flows for flow rates from 1 up to 1000 nl/min