Resource-constrained two-echelon inventory models for repairable item systems

In this paper, we consider two-echelon maintenance systems with repair facilities both at a number of local service centers (called bases) and at a central location. Each repair facility may be considered to be a job shop and is modeled as a (limited capacity) open queuing network, while any transport from the central facility to the bases (and vice versa) is modeled as an ample server. At all bases as well as at the central repair facility, ready-for-use spare parts are kept in stock. Once an item in the field fails, it is returned to one of the bases and replaced by a ready-for-use item from the spare parts stock, if available. The returned failed item is either repaired at the base or shipped to and repaired at the central facility. In the case of local repair, the item is added to the local base stock as a ready-for-use item after repair. If a repair at the central facility is needed, the base orders an item from the central spare parts stock to replenish its local stock, while the failed item is added to the central stock after repair. Orders are satisfied on a first-come-first-serve basis while any requirement that cannot be satisfied immediately either at the bases or at the central facility is backlogged