Court representation in Russia before 1917 (historical aspect)

Objective basing on the research and analysis of the legislation historical legal sources and other materials to study the process of formation and development of the institution of legal representation in Russia before 1917. Methods the theoretical basis of research is the works of Russian scientists on various aspects of formation development and functioning of the institution of legal representation in Russia from ancient times till 1917. The methodological basis of the research is general scientific methods historical formallogical system and general logical methods analysis synthesis induction and deduction synthesis analogy abstraction. Historicallegal formallegal logicallegal comparative legal methods were applied in the study. The author used the retrospective approach to the study of the issues of legal representation in Russia. Results basing on analysis of normative legal acts regulating relations in the sphere of judicial representation and various doctrinal sources the author has examined the process of the formation and development of the legal representation institution in Russia before 1917 raised the question of providing legal assistance in prerevolutionary Russia. An analogy is drawn between the prerevolutionary legal regulation of the legal representation institution and the modern legislation regulating this legal institution. The conclusion is made about the inadequacy of prerevolutionary legislation regulating relations in the sphere of judicial representation as well as the modern legal regulation of relations in this sphere. It is established that the judicial reform of 1864 improved regulation in this sphere but still did not solve all the problems in this area. The relevance of the study is due to the topicality and the constitutional importance of legal representation for the entire Russian society the need to examine the origins of this legal phenomenon as well as the fact that the institution of legal representation has a constitutionalguaranteeing value not only in relation to the judicial protection of individual rights and freedoms of a person and citizen but also from the point of view of ensuring the effective exercise of justice. In this respect the legal representation institution is a means of guaranteeing the constitutional principles of justice and a means of providing the adversarial character of the court trial. Scientific novelty the article considers the origin and development of the legal representation institution in Russia the development of this institution before 1917. The conclusion is made about the imperfection of the 1864 judicial reform in terms of reforming the legal representation institution. For the first time using retrospective approach a parallel is drawn between the legal representation institution that existed in Russia before 1917 and the modern judicial representation. Practical significance the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in research and teaching in addressing issues about the formation and development of the legal representation institution in Russia. nbs