Kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies of synthetic dye removal using pomegranate peel activated carbon prepared by microwave-induced KOH activation

Pomegranate peel was converted into activated carbon using microwave induced and KOH activation techniques. The prepared activated carbon (PPAC) was characterized using FTIR, TGA, SEM, and nitrogen-adsorption surface area (BET). BET measurements gave remarkable increase in both the surface area (941.02 m2/g) and total pore volume (0.470 cm3/g). Various operational parameters such as pH, initial dye concentration, contact time and solution temperature in batch systems were investigated on the use of PPAC in the adsorption of remazol brilliant blue reactive (RBBR) dye. At pH 2, the optimum dye removal was 94.36%. The amount of dye removed was dependent on initial dye concentration and solution temperature. Adsorption kinetics was found to follow pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Experimental data were analyzed using eight model equations: Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin–Radushkevich, Radke Prausnite, Sips, Viet–Sladek and Brouers – Sotolongo isotherms and it was found that the Freundlich isotherm model fitted the adsorption data most with the highest correlation (R2≥0.99) and lowest normalized standard deviation, ∆qe. Both intra-particle and film diffusion governed the adsorption process. Thermodynamic parameters, such as standard Gibbs free energy (∆G0), standard enthalpy (∆H0), standard entropy (∆S0), and the activation energy (Ea) were calculated. The adsorption of RBBR dye onto PPAC was found to be spontaneous and exothermic in nature. This study shows that the adsorption follows physisorption mechanism