The spatial presence experience scale (SPES): A short self-report measure for diverse media settings
- Hartmann, T.
- Wirth, W.
- Schramm, H.
- Klimmt, C.
- Vorderer, P.A.
- Gysbers, A.
- Böcking, S.
- Ravaja, N.
- Laari, J.
- Saari, T.
- Gouveia, F.R.
- Sacau, A.
DOIAbstract
The study of spatial presence is currently receiving increased attention in both media psychology and communication research. The present paper introduces the Spatial Presence Experience Scale (SPES), a short eight-item self-report measure. The SPES is derived from a process model of spatial presence (Wirth et al., 2007, Media Psychology, 9, 493-525), and assesses spatial presence as a two-dimensional construct that comprises a user's self-location and perceived possible actions in a media environment. The SPES is shorter than many other available spatial presence scales, and can be conveniently applied to diverse media settings. Two studies are reported (
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